Alphabetical list of terms and concepts explained in Concise Encyclopedia of Biostatisitcs for Medical Professionals by Abhaya Indrayan and Martin Holt, published by CRC Press, 2016
Concise Encyclopedia of Biostatistics for Medical Professionals
By Abhaya Indrayan and Martin P. Holt
CRC Press, 2016
Full Contents
A
abortion rate/ ratio
absolute risk reduction, see attributable risk (AR)
accelerated failure time model, see also proportional hazards
acceptable risk
acceptance and rejection regions
acceptance sampling, see lot quality assurance scheme
accuracy
actuarial method, see expectation of life and life table
adaptive designs for clinical trials
added variable plot
additive effect/ factors
adjusted effects, see also adjusted mean, adjusted odds ratio, adjusted R2
adjusted mean
adjusted odds ratio (adjusted OR), see also odds ratio (OR)
adjusted R2, see also multiple correlation
adjusting for baseline values, see also analysis of covariance
adolescent health (epidemiological indicators of)
adult health (epidemiological indicators of)
adult literacy rate, see education indicators
adverse effect and adverse patient outcomes
affinity, see also measures of dissimilarity and similarity
age-period cohort analysis
age-specific death rates, see death rates
agglomerative methods, see hierarchical clustering
agreement assessment (overall), see also Bland–Altman method of agreement
agreement charts
AIC, see Akaike information criterion (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
Akaike information criterion (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
aleatory uncertainties, see also epistemic uncertainties
algorithm (statistical)
allocation of subjects, see also random allocation
alternative hypothesis, see null and alternative hypotheses
alpha error, see level of significance
alpha-spending function, see also Lan–deMets procedure
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
analysis of variance (ANOVA), see also one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA
analysis (statistical)
analytical studies
ANCOVA, see analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
Anderberg dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
Anderson–Darling test
ANOVA, see analysis of variance (ANOVA)
antagonism, see interaction
antecedent factors
APACHE score
Apgar score
area diagram
area sampling
area under the concentration curve (AUC curve)
area under the ROC curve, see C-statistic
arithmetic mean, see mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic)
ARMA and ARIMA models, see autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
Armitage–Doll model
arms of a trial
association and its degree
association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
association in prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional studies, see also chi-square test for 2×2 tables
assumptions (statistical)
asymptotic relative efficiency, see relative efficiency of estimators
asymptotic regression, see regressions (types of)
attack rate
attenuated correlation
attributable fraction, see attributable risk (AR) fraction
attributable risk (AR), see also attributable risk (AR) fraction, population attributable risk and population attributable fraction
attributable risk (AR) fraction, see also population attributable risk and population attributable fraction
attributes
AUC, see area under the concentration curve (AUC curve)
autocorrelation
autoregressive models, see autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
average deviation, see variation (measures of)
average linkage method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
B
backward elimination, see stepwise methods
Balaam design, see also crossover design
balanced and unbalanced designs
Bangdiwala B, see also Cohen kappa
bar diagrams
Barnard test
Bartlett test
baseline, see also baseline equivalence, baseline hazard/ risk
baseline equivalence, see also baseline
baseline hazard/ risk
bathtub curve/ distribution
Bayesian confidence interval, see Bayesian inference
Bayesian inference, see also Bayes rule
Bayes rule, see also Bayesian inference
BCPE method, see Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method
bed–population ratio, see health infrastructure (indicators of)
before–after design/ study
Beherens–Fisher problem, see Welch test
bell-shaped distribution, see Gaussian distribution
Berkson bias
best subset method of choosing predictors
beta distribution
beta error, see Type-II error
biased estimates, see unbiased estimator
biased sample
bias in literature review
bias in medical studies and their minimization, see also bias (statistical)
bias in publications, see publication bias
bias pyramid
bias (statistical), see also biased sample, unbiased estimator
bidirectional dependence
bihistogram
bikini syndrome, see confidence intervals (the concept of)
bimodal distribution
binary dependent/ outcomes/ predictor/ response/ variables
binomial distribution
binormal distribution
bioassays, see also parallel–line assays, slope–ratio assays, quantal assays
bioavailability, see also half-life of medications, pharmacokinetic parameters, area under the concentration curve
bioequivalence, see also bioavailability, area under the concentration (AUC) curve
bioinformatics
biostatistics
biplot
birth and death registration
birth cohort
birth–death process, see stochastic processes
birth order
birth rate, see fertility indicators
birth weight ratio
biserial correlation, see point-biserial correlation
bivariate distributions
bivariate Gaussian distribution
black box approach
Bland–Altman method of agreement, see also agreement assessment (overall)
blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
block, cluster, and stratified randomization, and minimization, see also random allocation
BMI, see body mass index
body mass index (BMI), see also obesity (measures of)
Bonferroni procedure/ test, see also multiple comparisons
bootstrap procedure, see resampling
Bowker test, see McNemar–Bowker test
Box–Pierce and Ljung–Box Q test
box-and-whiskers plot
Box–Cox power exponential (BCPE) method, see also LMS method
Box–Cox power transformations, see also power transformations
Box M test
Breslow–Day test
Breslow test
Broca index
Brown–Forsyth test
bubble charts
burden of disease, see also disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
butterfly effect
C
calibration
canonical correlation
capture–recapture method
carry-over effect, see crossover designs/ trials
cartogram
case-control studies, see retrospective studies
case-fatality rate
case reports
cases (selection of)
case series/ studies
casewise, pairwise and listwise deletion
categorical data (analysis of) – overall
categorical variables, see variables
categories of data values
causal chain/ pathway
causal diagram
causal inference, see cause-effect relationship
cause–effect relationship
cause of death
cause-specific death rate, see death rates
cell frequency
censoring (of observations)
census
centiles, see percentiles and percentile curves
central limit theorem (CLT)
central values (understanding and which one to use), see also mean, median and mode (calculation of)
centroid method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
champaign glass effect, see health inequality
chance, see also uncertainties
chance node, see decision analysis/ tree
chaotic measurements
charts (statistical)
child mortality rate, see mortality rates
chi-square – overall
chi-square test for 2×2 tables, see also chi-square test for odds ratio and relative risk
chi-square test for larger two-way contingency tables
chi-square test for goodness-of-fit, see goodness-of-fit
chi-square test for odds ratio and relative risk, see also chi-square test for 2×2 tables
chi-square test for three-way contingency tables
chi-square test for trend in proportions and deviation from trend
choroplethic map, see also thematic map, spot map
circadian rhythm, see diurnal variation
civil registration system, see birth and death registration
circular sampling, see systematic sampling
classification, see also discriminant analysis/ functions, cluster analysis
classification and regression trees
class-intervals
clinical equipoise, see equipoises
clinical equivalence, see also equivalences (types of) in clinical trials
clinically important difference, see medically important effect (the concept of)
clinical tolerance range, see also medically important difference (test for detecting)
clinical trials (overview)
clinimetrics, see also scoring systems for diagnosis and for gradation of severity
Clopper–Pearson bounds/ interval, see also exact confidence intervals (CIs), Wilson interval
cluster analysis
clustering effect, see design effect and the rate of homogeneity
cluster randomization, see block, cluster, and stratified randomization, and minimization
clusters, see also cluster analysis
cluster sampling
C-max, see pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax) and pharmacokinetic studies
Cochrane collaboration/ reviews
Cochran Q test
Cochran test for linearity of trend, see chi-square test for trend in proportions and deviation from trend
coding
coefficient of correlation, see correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
coefficient of determination, see multiple correlation
coefficient of reproducibility, see Guttman scale
coefficient of variation
Cohen kappa, see also Bangdiwala B
cohort studies, see also prospective studies
collinearity, see multicollinearity
communality of a variable
comparative mortality ratio
comparison groups
comparison of one sample mean and proportion with a prespecified value
comparison of one sample proportion with a prespecified value, see comparison of one sample mean and proportion with a prespecified value
comparison of intercepts in two or more simple linear regressions
comparison of two or more correlation coefficients
comparison of two or more means, see Student t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA)
comparison of two or more medians, see Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, Kruskal–Wallis test
comparison of two or more odds ratios
comparison of two or more proportions
comparison of two or more regression coefficients
comparison of two or more regression lines
comparison of two or more relative risks
competing risks
complete linkage method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
completely randomized designs
compliance (in clinical trials)
components of variance, see variance components analysis
composite curve
composite index
computer-aided diagnosis, see expert systems
concealment of allocation, see blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
concomitant variable, see dependent and independent variables (in regression)
concordance and disconcordance
concurrent and historical controls, see controls
concurrent cohort, see cohort studies
concurrent validity, see validity (types of)
conditional probability, see probability
confidence band for regression line/ curve
confidence bounds, see also confidence intervals (the concept of)
confidence intervals (the concept of)
confidence interval (CI) for attributable risk (AR)
confidence interval (CI) for correlation coefficient
confidence interval (CI) for difference between means/ proportions
confidence interval (CI) for mean
confidence interval (CI) for median, see also exact confidence intervals (CIs)
confidence interval (CI) for odds ratio (OR)
confidence interval (CI) for predicted y in simple linear regression
confidence interval (CI) for proportion, see also exact confidence intervals (CIs)
confidence interval (CI) for regression coefficient and intercept in simple linear regression
confidence interval (CI) for relative risk (RR)
confidence interval (CI) for variance
confidence interval (CI) versus test of significance
confidence level, see confidence intervals (the concept of)
confounders
conjoint analysis
consecutive sampling
consistency, see also internal consistency
CONSORT statement
constructs (statistical), see factor analysis
construct validity, see validity (types of)
consumption units
content validity, see validity (types of)
contingency coefficient, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
contingency tables
continuity correction
continuous variables (distribution of), see also discrete variables (distribution of)
contour-like diagram, see Lexis diagram
contrasts (statistical)
control charts, see also cusum chart
controls
convenience sample, see sampling techniques
COREQ (reporting of quality research)
correlation (the concept of), see also correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product-moment)
correlation matrix
correlogram, see autocorrelation
correspondence analysis
covariance
covariance (analysis of), see analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
covariance matrix, see dispersion matrix
covariates
Cox–Mantel test, see log-rank test (Mantel–Cox test)
Cox model, see Cox regression
Cox proportional hazards model, see proportional hazards, see also Cox regression
Cox regression
Cramer V, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
criterion validity, see validity (types of)
critical region/ value, see acceptance and rejection regions
Cronbach alpha
crossover designs/ trials, see also crossover trials (analysis of)
crossover trials (analysis of)
cross-product ratio, see odds ratio
cross-sectional studies
C-statistic, see also receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
cubic clustering criterion
cubic splines
cumulative frequency, see ogive
curvilinear regression, see also regression (types of)
cusum chart
cyclic model/ trend
D
DALYs, see disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
data analytics, see also data mining
database systems
data collection, see also data quality
data dredging, see also data snooping
data entry
data management
data mining
data (nature of)
data quality
Data Safety and Monitoring Board
data snooping, see data dredging, data mining
data source (primary and secondary)
death certification see also cause of death
death rates, see also mortality rates
death spectrum
deciles, see quantiles
decision analysis/ tree
degrees of freedom (df) (the concept of)
Delphi method
Demographic and Health Surveys
demographic cycle
demographic indicators, see also demographic cycle, population pyramid
demography
dendrogram, see also cluster analysis
dependence and independence (statistical), see also dependent and independent variables (in regression)
dependency ratio
dependent and independent variables (in regression)
descriptive analysis/ studies, see also exploratory data analysis
descriptive studies
design effect and the rate of homogeneity
design of experiments, see experimental designs
designs of medical studies (overview), see also experimental designs
deterministic variables, see variables
deviance
deviations, see variation (measures of)
df, see degrees of freedom (df) (the concept of)
diagnosis errors
diagnostic tests, see sensitivity and specificity, predictivities (of medical tests), gain from a medical test
diagnostic trials, see clinical trials (overview)
diagrams, see graphs and diagrams
dichotomous categories, see categories of data values
dietary indices
difference-in-differences approach
digit preference
direct standardization, see standardized death rates
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
disability-free life expectancy, see life expectancy (types of)
disability weight, see also disability adjusted life years (DALYs)
disconcordance, see concordance and disconcordance
discrete variables (distribution of), see also continuous variables (distribution of)
discriminant analysis/ functions
discriminating power
disease spectrum
DisMod, see epidemiologically consistent estimates
dispersion, see variation
dispersion matrix
distal measures, see proximal and distal measures of health and disease
distribution-free methods/tests, see nonparametric methods/ tests (overview)
distributions (statistical)
diurnal variation
doctor-population ratio, see health infrastructure (indicators of)
donut diagram
dose-response (type of) relationship
dot plot
double blind trials, see blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
double sampling, see two-phase sampling
dummy variables, see variables
Duncan test
Dunnett test, see also multiple comparisons
Durbin–Watson test
E
ecological fallacy
ecological study, see ecological study
ED50
education indicators
effect modification, see interaction
effect size, see also medically important effect (the concept of)
efficacy and effectiveness
empiricism
empty cells, see contingency tables
endogenous and exogenous factors and variables
enrollment ratio, see education indicators
ensemble methods
epidemic curve
epidemic models, see also infectious disease models
epidemiologically consistent estimates
epidemiological studies
epistemic uncertainties, see also aleatory uncertainties
equipoises
equivalence and noninferiority trials, see also equivalence, superiority and noninferiority tests
equivalence, superiority and noninferiority tests
equivalences (types of ) in clinical trials, see also equivalence and noninferiority trials
errors (statistical), see measurement errors, Type-I error, Type-II error
error sum of squares
error variance
estimate
estimator (unbiased), see unbiased estimator
ethics of clinical trials and medical research
etiologic factors, see also causal diagrams
etiologic fraction, see attributable risk (AR) fraction
etiology diagrams, see causal diagrams
Euclidean distance
evaluation of health programs/ systems
evidence (levels of)
evidence-based medicine
exact confidence intervals (CIs)
exact tests
examination (health/ medical) data/ surveys
exchangeability
exclusion criteria, see inclusion and exclusion criteria
exhaustive categories, see mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
exogenous factors, see endogenous and exogenous factors and variables
expectation of life and the life table, see also life expectancy (types of)
experimental designs, see also experimental studies
experimental studies, see also experimental designs
experimentation (statistical principles of)
experiment-wise and comparison-wise error rate
expert systems
explanatory and predictive models
explanatory variables, see variables
exploratory data analysis, see also exploratory studies
exploratory studies
exponential curve/ function, see also exponential distribution
exponential distribution, see also exponential curve/ function
extrapolation, see also interpolation
eyeball fit
F
face validity, see validity (types of)
factor analysis, see also factor scores
factorial and partially factorial designs
factor loadings, see factor analysis
factors (classificatory and experimental)
factor scores, see also factor analysis
fallacies (statistical), see also misuse of statistical tools
false negative and false positive
familial aggregation
fertility indicators
field trials, see clinical trials
Fieller theorem
file–drawer effect
finite population correction
Fisher–Beherens problem, see Welch test
Fisher exact test
Fisher–Irwin test, see Fisher exact test
Fisher z-transformation, see comparison of two or more correlation coefficients
fixed and random effects, see also mixed effects models
flow chart
focus group discussion
follow-up studies, see prospective studies
forecasting
forest plot, see meta-analysis
forward selection, see stepwise methods
fractiles, see quantiles
frailty models
Framingham Heart Study
F-ratio, see F-test
frequencies, see also frequency curve/ distribution/ polygon
frequency curve/ distribution/ polygon
frequency (in a cell), see also expected frequency
frequentist approach, see Bayesian inference
Friedman test
F-test
funnel plot
G
GAIC, see Akaike information criteria (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
gain from a medical test
gamma distribution
Gantt chart
garbage-in garbage-out (GIGO) syndrome
Gaussian conditions
Gaussian deviate, see also Gaussian distribution (standard)
Gaussian distribution
Gaussian probability (how to obtain)
Gaussianity (how to check)
Gaussian test, see z-test
generalized estimating equations (GEE)
generalized linear models, see also general linear models
general linear models, see also generalized linear models
generalized Wilcoxon test, see Breslow test
gender inequality index
general fertility rate, see fertility indicators
geometric mean, see mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic)
geriatric health (epidemiological indicators of)
Gini coefficient, see also health inequality, Palma measure of inequality
GLM, see generalized linear models
global burden of disease (GBD), see burden of disease
gold standard
Goodman–Kruskal gamma, see association between ordinal categories (degree of)
goodness-of-fit
graphs and diagrams, see also charts (statistical), maps (statistical)
gross domestic product (GDP)
gross enrollment ratio, see education indicators
gross reproduction rate, see fertility indicators
group average method of clustering, see centroid method of clustering
grouped data, see also class-intervals
group sequential design
growth charts, see also growth indicators of children
growth indicators of children, see also, Z-score, T-score, velocity of growth
growth velocity, see velocity of growth in children
Grubb test
Guttman scale
H
half-life of medications
haphazard sampling
hard data and soft data
harmonic mean, see mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic)
harmonic regression
harmonization of data
Hawthorne effect
hazard functions
hazard rate/ ratio, see also proportional hazards
health adjusted life expectancy, see life expectancy (types of)
health inequality, see also Gini coefficient, Palma measure of inequality
health infrastructure (indicators of)
health measurement
health programs (evaluation of), see evaluation of health programs/ systems
health situation analysis
health statistics
healthy life expectancy, see life expectancy (types of)
hierarchical clustering, see also cluster analysis
hierarchical designs
hierarchical models/ regression
hierarchical regression
histogram
historical cohort, see cohort studies
homogeneity of variances, see homoscedasticity
homoscedasticity
Hosmer–Lemeshow test
hospital statistics
Hotelling T2
human development index
Huynh–Feldt correction, see also repeated measures ANOVA
hyperpopulation
hypothesis (null and alternative), see null and alternative hypotheses
hypothesis (research)
hypothesis testing (statistical), see also null and alternative hypotheses
I
I2 (index of homogeneity) in meta-analysis, see also meta–analysis
ICD, see International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
icicle plots
imprecise probability, see probability
imputation for missing values, see also nonresponse
inception cohort, see cohort studies
incidence
inclusion and exclusion criteria
incomplete tables, see contingency tables
independence (statistical), see dependence and independence (statistical)
independent and paired samples .
independent variables, see dependent and independent variables
indexes, see also indicators
indicators, see also indexes
indicator variables, see variables
indirect standardization, see standardized death rates
Indrayan smoking index
infant mortality rate, see mortality rates
infection rate
infectious disease models, see also epidemic models
infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence, see disease spectrum
inference (statistical)
infographics
informatics (medical), see also expert systems
informed consent, see ethics of clinical trials and medical research
instrumental variables, see variables
intention-to-treat analysis
interaction, see also main effect and interaction effect in ANOVA
intercept (in a regression), see simple linear regression
interim analysis
internal attributes, see factor analysis
internal consistency, see also consistency
internal validation, see validation
Interntional Classification of Diseases (ICD)
interpolation
interquartile range, see variation (measures of)
interrater reliability
interval estimate, see confidence intervals (the concept of)
interval scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
intervention studies, see also clinical trials, experimental studies
interview data/ survey, see also interviewing techniques
interviewer bias, see bias in medical studies and their minimization
interviewing techniques
intraclass correlation, see also interrater reliability, agreement assessment (overall)
intraobserver consistency/ reliability, see also intraclass correlation
inverse association
inverse probability, see Bayes rule
inverse sampling
Ishikawa diagram
item analysis
iterative procedure
J
Jaccard dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
jackknife resampling, see resampling
Jeffreys interval for binomial p, see also Clopper–Pearson bound/ interval
jitter graph/ plot
joint distribution, see bivariate distribution
J-shaped curve/ distribution
K
Kaiser–Meir–Olkin (KMO) measure
Kaplan–Meier method, see also survival curve/ function
kappa (statistic), see Cohen kappa
Kendall tau, see association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
Kruskal–Wallis test
Kuder–Richardson coefficient
kurtosis
L
lag, see autocorrelation
Lan–deMets procedure, see also O’Brien–Fleming procedure
landmark analysis
LASSO, see least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)
latent variables models, see also latent variables
latent variables
laws of probability (addition and multiplication), see also probability
least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)
least significant difference (LSD), see also multiple comparisons
least squares method
left-skewed distribution, see skewness and coefficient of skewness
level of significance, see also P-values
Levene test
Lexis diagram
life expectancy (types of), see also expectation of life and life table
lifetable, see expectation of life and the life table
life table method, see survival curve/ function
likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
likelihood ratio of a diagnostic test
likelihood ratio test, see also likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
Likert scale
limits of agreement, see Bland–Altman method of agreement
linear effect, see also linearity (test for)
linearity (test for), see also linear effect
linear models, see general linear models
linear regression, see also simple linear regression, multiple linear regression
line diagrams
linkage, see record linkage
link functions
listwise deletion, see casewise, pairwise and listwise deletion
literacy rate, see education indicators
LMS method
LMSP method, see Box–Cox power exponential (BCPE) method
loadings, factor
location (measures of)
logarithmic scale/ transformation
logistic coefficients (CI and test of H0)
logistic coefficients (interpretation of), see also logistic coefficients (CI and test of H0)
logistic discriminant functions
logistic models/ regression (adequacy of)
logistic models/ regression (basics of)
logistic models/ regression (multinomial, ordinal, and conditional), see also logistic models/ regression (basics of)
logistic regression (requirements for)
logit, see also logistic model/ regression (basics of)
log-likelihood, see likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
log-linear models
log-normal distribution
log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test
longitudinal data (analysis of)
longitudinal studies, see prospective studies
lot quality assurance scheme
LOWESS plot
M
Mahalanobis distance
main effects and interaction effects in ANOVA
MANOVA, see multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test, see Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Mantel–Cox test, see log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test
Mantel–Haenszel procedure
maps (statistical), see choroplethic map, cartogram, spot map, thematic map
marginal distribution, see bivariate distributions, multivariate distributions
Markov process, see stochastic processes
masking, see blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
matched pairs, see also matching
matching, see also matched pairs
maternal mortality rate, see also mortality rates
mathematical models, see models (statistical)
Mauchly test for sphericity
maximum likelihood method, see likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
McNemar–Bowker test
McNemar test
mean (arithmetic, geometric, harmonic), see also mean, median and mode (calculation of)
mean deviation, see variation (measures of)
mean, median, and mode (calculation of), see also central values (understanding and which one to use)
mean square due to error (MSE), see mean squares in ANOVA
mean squares in ANOVA
measurement errors
measures of central tendency, see central values (understanding and which one to use)
measures of dissimilarity and similarity
median, see central values (understanding and which one to use); mean, median, mode (calculation of)
median effective dose, see ED50
median method of clustering
median test, see also sign test, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
mediators and moderators of outcome
medical care errors (statistical control of)
medical decisions (statistical aspects of)
medical experiments, see experimental studies
medically important difference (tests for detecting), see also medically important effect (the concept of)
medically important effect (the concept of)
medical records
medical research (types of)
medical significance versus statistical significance
medical uncertainties (sources of), see aleatory and epistemic uncertainties
medical uncertainties (types of), see also aleatory uncertainties, epistemic uncertainties
mental health (indicators of)
meta–analysis, see also funnel plot, I2 (index of homogeneity)
meta–analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines
meta–regression, see also meta–analysis
metric categories, see categories
metric scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
misclassification
missing data, see also imputation for missing data, nonresponse
misuse of statistical tools, see also fallacies (statistical)
mixed diagram, see also graphs and diagrams
mixed effects models
mode, see mean, median, mode (calculation of ), see also bimodal distribution/ probability
models (statistical)
monotonic relationship
Monte Carlo methods
MOOSE guidelines, see meta–analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines
morbidity indicators, see also incidence, prevalence and prevalence rates
mortality rates, see also death rates
moving averages
MSE, see mean squares in ANOVA
multiarms trials
multicentric trials
multicollinearity
multilevel models/ regression, see hierarchical models/ regression
multinomial distribution/ test
multiple comparisons, see also Bonferroni procedure/ test, Dunnett test, least significant difference (LSD), Tukey test for multiple comparisons
multiple correlation
multiple imputations, see imputation for missing values check sequence
multiple linear regression, see also regressions (types of), simple linear regression
multiple responses
multistage random sampling
multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
multivariate data/ methods
multivariate distributions
multivariate Gaussian distribution, see also bivariate Gaussian distribution
multivariate logistic regression, see also logistic models/ regression (multinomial, ordinal and conditional)
multivariate regression
mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, see also multiple responses
N
national well-being
natural clusters, see cluster analysis
natural experiments
negative binomial distribution
negative trials
neonatal mortality rate, see mortality rates
nested case-control studies, see retrospective studies
nested designs, see hierarchical designs
net reproduction rate, see fertility indicators
NNT, see number needed to treat
n-of-1 trials
nominal categories, see categories of data values
nominal scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
nomogram
nonGaussian distributions, see distributions (statistical)
noninferiority test, see equivalence, superiority and noninferiority tests
noninferiority trials, see equivalence and noninferiority trials
nonlinear regression, see also linear regression, curvilinear regression
nonparametric methods/ tests – overview
nonrandom sampling, see sampling techniques
nonresponse
nonsampling errors
nonsense correlation, see correlation (the concept of)
normal distribution, see Gaussian distribution
normality (test of), see Gaussianity (how to check)
normalization
normal probability plot, see also quantile-by-quantile (Q-Q) plot
normal range of medical parameters
notations (statistical)
nuisance parameters
null and alternative hypotheses
number needed to treat (NNT)
numerical analysis/ method
O
obesity (measures of), see also body mass index
O’Brien–Fleming procedure, see also Lan–deMets procedure
observational studies, see also natural experiments
observations (statistical)
observed zeroes, see contingency tables
observer bias/ errors/ variation
odds, see also odds ratio (OR)
odds ratio (OR), see also odds
ogive
one-sided bound, see confidence bound
one- and two-tailed alternatives/ tests
one-way ANOVA, see also analysis of variance (ANOVA)
one-way designs, see also two-way designs
open trials
operations research
optimistic index (page 709 of my book)
ordered alternatives, see also one- and two-tailed alternatives/ tests
OR, see odds ratio (OR)
order of a table, see contingency tables
order statistics
ordinal association, see association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
outcome variables
outliers
overanalysis, see also data dredging
overfit (of regression)
overmatching, see also matching
P
pack-years of smoking
paired samples, see also matched pairs
paired t-test, see Student t-test
pairwise deletion, see casewise, pairwise and listwise deletion
Palma measure of inequality, see also Gini coefficient, health inequality
parabolic curve, see curvilinear regression
parallel controls, see controls
parallel–line assays
parametric models
parameters
parameter uncertainty, see sensitivity analysis, parametric models
parsimonious models
partial correlation
partial least squares
partial likelihood
partitioning of chi-square and of tables, see also chi-square – overall
partogram
path analysis
pattern recognition
Pearsonian correlation, see correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
PECOS system, see population, exposure, control, outcome and study design (PECOS) to do
pedigree charts
penalized likelihood, see Akaike information criterion (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
percentiles and percentile curves, see also growth charts
periodogram
perinatal mortality rate/ ratio, see mortality rates
permutation tests
personal probability, see probability
person-time
pharmacoepidemiology (statistical)
pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax) and pharmacokinetic studies, see also area under the curve (AUC) , half-life of medications
phases of (clinical) trials
phi coefficient, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
physical quality of life index, see also quality of life index
PICO method, see population, intervention, comparison and outcome (PICO) method
pie diagram (exploded/ wedged)
Pillai trace
pilot study and pretesting
placebo
point-biserial correlation
point estimate, see estimate
Poisson distribution
Poisson regression
polynomial regression, see curvilinear regression
polytomous categories, see categories of data values
ponderal index, see also body mass index (BMI)
pooled chi-square, see Mantel–Haenszel procedure
pooled odds ratio (OR), see Mantel–Haenszel procedure
pooled relative risk (RR), see Mantel–Haenszel procedure
pooled variance
population (the concept of)
population attributable risk and population attributable fraction, see also attributable risk
population growth model and curve
population, intervention, comparison and outcome (PICO) method
population pyramid
positive health
posterior probability, see prior and posterior probability
posthoc comparisons, see multiple comparisons
postmarketing surveillance, see also phases of (clinical) trials
poststratification
potential years of life lost (PYLL), see also disability adjusted life-years (DALYs)
poverty index
power (statistical) and power analysis
power transformations, see also Box-Cox power transformations
P-P plot, see proportion-by-probability (P-P) plot
PPS sampling, see probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling
pragmatic trials
precision, see also reliability
predicted value and prediction interval in regression
prediction interval, see predicted value and prediction interval
predictive analytics, see data analytics
predictive models, see explanatory and predictive models
predictive validity, see predictivities (of medical tests)
predictivities (of medical tests)
predictors
pretesting, see pilot study and pretesting
prevalence and prevalence rates
prevalence studies, see descriptive studies
prevented fraction, see attributable risk (AR) fraction
primary data, see data sources (primary and secondary)
primary sampling unit
primordial factors
principal components
principles of experimentation, see experimentation (statistical principles of)
prior probability and posterior probability
PRISMA statement
probability, see also laws of probability (addition and multiplication)
probabilities in clinical assessment
probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling
probability sample, see sampling techniques
proband
probit transformation
product-limit estimator, see Kaplan–Meier method
product-moment correlation, see correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
profile analysis
proforma, see questionnaire, schedule and proforma
propensity score approach
prophylactic trials, see clinical trials
proportional hazards, see also Cox regression
proportional reduction in error (PRE)
proportionate sample
proportion-by-probability (P-P) plot
proportions
prospective studies, see also retrospective studies, case-control studies
protective effect
protocol (research) and its contents check
proximal and distal measures of health and disease, see also primordial factors
P-values
publication bias
purchasing power parity dollars
purposive sample, see sampling techniques
putative factors
Q
Q-Q plot, see quantile-by-quantile (Q-Q) plot
Q-test, see Cochran Q-test
quadratic regression, see curvilinear regression
qualitative measurements, see also quantitative measurements
qualitative research, see also focus group discussion
quality control in medical care, see also control charts, lot quality assurance scheme
quality of data and of measurements, see also fallacies (statistical)
quality of life index, see also physical quality of life index
quantal assays, see also bioassays
quantile-by-quantile (Q-Q) plot
quantile regression
quantiles, see also percentiles and percentile curves
quantitative measurements, see also qualitative measurements
quartiles, see quantiles
quasi-experimental designs, see also before-after design/ study
quasi-random allocation, see random allocation
questionnaire, schedule and proforma
Quetlet index, see body mass index (BMI)
quintiles, see quantiles
quota sampling
R
radar graph
radix, see expectation of life and the life table
random allocation, see also block, cluster, and stratified randomization, and minimization
random effects, see fixed and random effects
random effects ANOVA
random errors
randomization, see random allocation
randomized block design
randomized consent design, see Zelen design
randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
randomized response technique
randomness (statistical tests of)
random numbers
random sampling, see sampling techniques
random sampling methods
random variables, see variables
range, see variation
rank correlation
ranking and selection
ranks
rapid assessment method, see cluster sampling
Rasch analysis
rate
rate of homogeneity, see design effect and the rate of homogeneity
ratio
ratio estimator
ratio scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
RCT, see randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
recall lapse
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, see also C-statistic
record linkage, see also medical records
records (medical), see medical records
reestimation of sample size
reference category
reference values, see normal range of medical parameters
registration of births and deaths, see birth and death registration
registration of trials
regression coefficients, see also regression models (basics of)
regression diagnostics, see regression fit (adequacy of), regression requirements (validation of)
regression fit (adequacy of), see also regression models (basics of)
regression fitting (general method of), see also regression models (basics of)
regression models (basics of), see also regression fitting (general method of)
regression requirements (validation of), see also logistic regression (requirements for)
regression splines, see spline regression
regression to the mean
regression trees, see classification and regression trees
regressions (types of)
regressors (choice of), see also stepwise methods, best subset method of choosing predictors
rejection region, see acceptance and rejection regions
relative efficiency of estimators
relative potency, see also bioassays
relative risk (RR)
reliability, see also repeatability and reproducibility
repeatability and reproducibility, see also reliability
repeated measures ANOVA
repeated measures studies
replicability, see repeatability and reproducibility
replication
reproducibility, see repeatability and reproducibility
reproduction rates (net and gross), see fertility indicators
reproductive number (of a disease)
resampling
research
research synthesis, see also systematic reviews, meta-analysis
residuals, see also regression models (basics of)
residual sum of squares, see error sum of squares
response rate
response surface
response variable, see variables
retrospective cohort, see cohort studies
retrospective studies, see also cross-sectional studies
reverse causation
reviews, see systematic reviews
ridge regression, see also regression models (basics of)
risk difference, see attributable risk
risk factors
risk ratio, see relative risk
robustness
ROC curve, see receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
R2, see multiple correlation
runs test for equality of distributions
S
sample
sample design, see sampling techniques (overall)
sample size determination (general principles)
sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, see also sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), sample sizes for statistical analysis methods, sample size for study formats
sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), see also sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, sample sizes for statistical analysis methods, sample size for study formats,
sample sizes for statistical analysis methods, see also sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), sample size for study formats
sample size for study formats, see also sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), sample sizes for statistical analysis methods
sample size reestimation, see reestimation of sample size
sample surveys
SAMPL guidelines
sampling (advantages and limitations)
sampling distribution of proportion p and mean
sampling error/ fluctuations
sampling fraction, see sampling terms
sampling frame, see sampling terms
sampling techniques (overall)
sampling terms
sampling unit, see sampling terms
sampling with and without replacement, see sampling terms
scales of measurement (statistical)
scalogram analysis, see Guttman scale
scatter diagrams
scoring systems (method for developing), see also scoring systems for diagnosis and for gradation of severity
scoring systems for diagnosis and for gradation of severity, see also scoring systems (method for developing)
screening trials, see clinical trials
scree plot/ test
seasonal trend, see time series
secondary data, see data sources (primary and secondary)
secular trend, see time series
semi-interquartile range, see variation (measures of)
sensitivity and specificity
sensitivity analysis, see also uncertainty analysis
sequential analysis
sequential sampling
sequential trials, see group sequential designs
serial correlation, see autocorrelation
sex ratio
Shapiro–Francia test
Shapiro–Wilk test
side effects, see clinical trials (overview)
sigmoid curve, see logit
signed-ranks test, see Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
significance (statistical)
significance level, see level of significance, see also significance (statistical)
significant digits
sign test
similarity (statistical, measures of)
simple linear regression, see also regression models, multiple linear regression
simple matching dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
simple random sampling
Simpson paradox
simulation studies, see Monte Carlo methods
single linkage method of clustering
six-sigma methodology
skewness and the coefficient of skewness
slope (in regression), see simple linear regression
slope–ratio assays, see also bioassays
Slutzsky–Yule effect
small area estimation
smoke-pipe distribution
smoking index, see Indrayan smoking index
smoothing methods, see also spline regression, cubic splines
snowball sampling
social classification
social health (indicators of)
Somer d, see association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
Spearman rank correlation, see rank correlation
Spearman-Brown formula
specificity, see sensitivity and specificity
sphericity, see Mauchly test for sphericity
spline regression, see also cubic splines
split-half consistency, see also consistency
spot map
spurious correlation, see correlation (the concept of)
square table, see contingency table
standard deviation
standard error (SE), see also sampling distribution of proportion p and mean
standardization of values, see Z-scores
standardized death rates
standardized deviate, see Z-score
standardized mortality ratio (SMR)
standard normal distribution, see Gaussian probability (how to obtain)
STARD statement
statistical analysis, see analysis (statistical)
statistical fallacies, see fallacies (statistical)
statistical inference, see inference (statistical)
statistical models, see models (statistical), see also parametric models
statistical reviews
statistical significance, see significance (statistical)
statistics (singular), see also biostatistics
stem-and-leaf plot, see histogram
stepwise methods, see also best subset method of choosing predictors
stillbirth rate/ ratio
stochastic processes
stochastic variables, see variables
stopping rules (for trials), see also O’Brien–Fleming procedure, Lan–deMets procedure
stratification, see stratified random sampling
stratified analysis, see Mantel–Haenszal procedure
stratified randomization, see block, cluster and stratified randomization, and minimization
stratified random sampling
STROBE statement
structural equation models
Studentized range, see Tukey test for multiple comparisons
Student t-distribution
Student t-tests
study designs, see designs of medical studies (overview)
subjective probability, see probability
sum of squares (types of)
superiority and noninferiority trials, see equivalence and noninferiority trials
surface and internal attributes, see factor analysis
surface chart, see response surface
surrogate measurement/ variables
surveys, see sample surveys
survival analysis, see also survival curve/ function
survival bias, see bias in medical studies and their minimization
survival curve/ function, see also Kaplan–Meier method
survival rate, see also survival analysis
symmetric distribution, see skewness and the coefficient of skewness
synergism, see interaction
synoptic chart, see Lexis diagram
synthesis of research, see research synthesis, see also meta–analysis
systematic random sampling
systematic reviews, see also Cochrane collaboration/ reviews
T
tabular presentation of data and results
t-distribution, see Student t-distribution
Taguchi designs
Tanimoto dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous categories characteristics (degree of)
tapping
target population, see population (the concept of)
Tarone–Ware test, see also log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test
telephone sampling
tertiles, see quantiles
test criterion
tests of hypothesis (philosophy of)
tests of significance, see also tests of hypothesis (philosophy of)
test-retest reliability
test statistic, see test criterion
tetrachoric correlation
thematic maps, see also chroplethic map
therapeutic trials, see clinical trials
30×7 sampling, see cluster sampling
three-dimensional diagrams, see also response surface
three-way tables, see chi-square for three-way contingency tables
three-sigma limits, see also six-sigma methodology
ties in values, see ranks
time-dependent covariate, see Cox regression
time series, see also periodogram, autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
titration study
T-max, see pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax) and pharmacokinetic studies
tolerance interval
total fertility rate, see fertility indicators
tracking
transformations
trend
trials, see clinical trials
trimmed mean
triple blinding, see blinding
trivariate distribution
truncated values/ distributions
T-score, see also Z-score
Tschuprow coefficient, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
t-test, see Student t-test
Tukey test for additivity
Tukey test for multiple comparisons, see also multiple comparisons
twin studies
two-by-two tables
two one-sided tests (TOSTs), see equivalence, superiority and inferiority tests
two-phase sampling
two-sided alternative, see one- and two-tailed alternatives/ tests
two-way ANOVA, see also analysis of variance (ANOVA)
two-way designs, see also one-way designs
two-way tables, see contingency tables
Type-I error, see level of significance
Type-II error, see also power (statistical) and power analysis
Type-III error
U
unbalanced design, see balanced and unbalanced design
unbiased estimator
unbiased sample, see biased sample
uncertainties, see aleatory uncertainties, epistemic uncertainties, medical uncertainties, parameter uncertainty
uncertainty analysis, see also sensitivity analysis
uncertainty principle, see also equipoises
under-5 mortality rate, see mortality rates
uniform distribution
union and intersection of events, see Venn diagrams
unit (statistical)
univariate analysis
universe (statistical), see population (the concept of)
UPGMA method of clustering, see average linkage method of clustering
unweighted mean, see weighted mean
up-and-down trials
U-shaped curve, see also bathtub curve/distribution
U-test, see Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
V
vaccine trials, see clinical trials
validation sample/ study, see also validity, robustness
validity, see also validity (types of)
validity (types of)
variability, see variation (measures of)
variables
variable selection, see stepwise methods, regressors (choice of), best subset method of choosing predictors
variance, see standard deviation, confidence interval (CI) for variance
variance components analysis
variance-covariance matrix, see dispersion matrix
variance inflation factor
variance ratio, see also F-test
variance stabilizing transformation
variation (measures of), see also coefficient of variation
varimax rotation
velocity of growth in children
Venn diagrams
visual display (of data), see graphs and diagrams
vital statistics
volunteers-based studies
W
waist–hip ratio, see also obesity (measures of)
Wald test
Ward method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
washout period, see crossover design
Weibull distribution
weighted least squares
weighted mean
Welch test
WHO growth charts
Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
Wilks lambda (L)
Wilson interval
Winsorized mean, see trimmed mean
Wishart distribution
worm plots, see quantile-by-quantile plot
X
Y
Yates correction for continuity
years of life lost, see potential years of life lost (PYLL)
Youden index, see also receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
Yule Q, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
Z
Zelen design
Zelen test
zero-inflated models
Z-score
z-test
By Abhaya Indrayan and Martin P. Holt
CRC Press, 2016
Full Contents
A
abortion rate/ ratio
absolute risk reduction, see attributable risk (AR)
accelerated failure time model, see also proportional hazards
acceptable risk
acceptance and rejection regions
acceptance sampling, see lot quality assurance scheme
accuracy
actuarial method, see expectation of life and life table
adaptive designs for clinical trials
added variable plot
additive effect/ factors
adjusted effects, see also adjusted mean, adjusted odds ratio, adjusted R2
adjusted mean
adjusted odds ratio (adjusted OR), see also odds ratio (OR)
adjusted R2, see also multiple correlation
adjusting for baseline values, see also analysis of covariance
adolescent health (epidemiological indicators of)
adult health (epidemiological indicators of)
adult literacy rate, see education indicators
adverse effect and adverse patient outcomes
affinity, see also measures of dissimilarity and similarity
age-period cohort analysis
age-specific death rates, see death rates
agglomerative methods, see hierarchical clustering
agreement assessment (overall), see also Bland–Altman method of agreement
agreement charts
AIC, see Akaike information criterion (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
Akaike information criterion (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
aleatory uncertainties, see also epistemic uncertainties
algorithm (statistical)
allocation of subjects, see also random allocation
alternative hypothesis, see null and alternative hypotheses
alpha error, see level of significance
alpha-spending function, see also Lan–deMets procedure
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
analysis of variance (ANOVA), see also one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA
analysis (statistical)
analytical studies
ANCOVA, see analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
Anderberg dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
Anderson–Darling test
ANOVA, see analysis of variance (ANOVA)
antagonism, see interaction
antecedent factors
APACHE score
Apgar score
area diagram
area sampling
area under the concentration curve (AUC curve)
area under the ROC curve, see C-statistic
arithmetic mean, see mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic)
ARMA and ARIMA models, see autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
Armitage–Doll model
arms of a trial
association and its degree
association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
association in prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional studies, see also chi-square test for 2×2 tables
assumptions (statistical)
asymptotic relative efficiency, see relative efficiency of estimators
asymptotic regression, see regressions (types of)
attack rate
attenuated correlation
attributable fraction, see attributable risk (AR) fraction
attributable risk (AR), see also attributable risk (AR) fraction, population attributable risk and population attributable fraction
attributable risk (AR) fraction, see also population attributable risk and population attributable fraction
attributes
AUC, see area under the concentration curve (AUC curve)
autocorrelation
autoregressive models, see autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
average deviation, see variation (measures of)
average linkage method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
B
backward elimination, see stepwise methods
Balaam design, see also crossover design
balanced and unbalanced designs
Bangdiwala B, see also Cohen kappa
bar diagrams
Barnard test
Bartlett test
baseline, see also baseline equivalence, baseline hazard/ risk
baseline equivalence, see also baseline
baseline hazard/ risk
bathtub curve/ distribution
Bayesian confidence interval, see Bayesian inference
Bayesian inference, see also Bayes rule
Bayes rule, see also Bayesian inference
BCPE method, see Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method
bed–population ratio, see health infrastructure (indicators of)
before–after design/ study
Beherens–Fisher problem, see Welch test
bell-shaped distribution, see Gaussian distribution
Berkson bias
best subset method of choosing predictors
beta distribution
beta error, see Type-II error
biased estimates, see unbiased estimator
biased sample
bias in literature review
bias in medical studies and their minimization, see also bias (statistical)
bias in publications, see publication bias
bias pyramid
bias (statistical), see also biased sample, unbiased estimator
bidirectional dependence
bihistogram
bikini syndrome, see confidence intervals (the concept of)
bimodal distribution
binary dependent/ outcomes/ predictor/ response/ variables
binomial distribution
binormal distribution
bioassays, see also parallel–line assays, slope–ratio assays, quantal assays
bioavailability, see also half-life of medications, pharmacokinetic parameters, area under the concentration curve
bioequivalence, see also bioavailability, area under the concentration (AUC) curve
bioinformatics
biostatistics
biplot
birth and death registration
birth cohort
birth–death process, see stochastic processes
birth order
birth rate, see fertility indicators
birth weight ratio
biserial correlation, see point-biserial correlation
bivariate distributions
bivariate Gaussian distribution
black box approach
Bland–Altman method of agreement, see also agreement assessment (overall)
blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
block, cluster, and stratified randomization, and minimization, see also random allocation
BMI, see body mass index
body mass index (BMI), see also obesity (measures of)
Bonferroni procedure/ test, see also multiple comparisons
bootstrap procedure, see resampling
Bowker test, see McNemar–Bowker test
Box–Pierce and Ljung–Box Q test
box-and-whiskers plot
Box–Cox power exponential (BCPE) method, see also LMS method
Box–Cox power transformations, see also power transformations
Box M test
Breslow–Day test
Breslow test
Broca index
Brown–Forsyth test
bubble charts
burden of disease, see also disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
butterfly effect
C
calibration
canonical correlation
capture–recapture method
carry-over effect, see crossover designs/ trials
cartogram
case-control studies, see retrospective studies
case-fatality rate
case reports
cases (selection of)
case series/ studies
casewise, pairwise and listwise deletion
categorical data (analysis of) – overall
categorical variables, see variables
categories of data values
causal chain/ pathway
causal diagram
causal inference, see cause-effect relationship
cause–effect relationship
cause of death
cause-specific death rate, see death rates
cell frequency
censoring (of observations)
census
centiles, see percentiles and percentile curves
central limit theorem (CLT)
central values (understanding and which one to use), see also mean, median and mode (calculation of)
centroid method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
champaign glass effect, see health inequality
chance, see also uncertainties
chance node, see decision analysis/ tree
chaotic measurements
charts (statistical)
child mortality rate, see mortality rates
chi-square – overall
chi-square test for 2×2 tables, see also chi-square test for odds ratio and relative risk
chi-square test for larger two-way contingency tables
chi-square test for goodness-of-fit, see goodness-of-fit
chi-square test for odds ratio and relative risk, see also chi-square test for 2×2 tables
chi-square test for three-way contingency tables
chi-square test for trend in proportions and deviation from trend
choroplethic map, see also thematic map, spot map
circadian rhythm, see diurnal variation
civil registration system, see birth and death registration
circular sampling, see systematic sampling
classification, see also discriminant analysis/ functions, cluster analysis
classification and regression trees
class-intervals
clinical equipoise, see equipoises
clinical equivalence, see also equivalences (types of) in clinical trials
clinically important difference, see medically important effect (the concept of)
clinical tolerance range, see also medically important difference (test for detecting)
clinical trials (overview)
clinimetrics, see also scoring systems for diagnosis and for gradation of severity
Clopper–Pearson bounds/ interval, see also exact confidence intervals (CIs), Wilson interval
cluster analysis
clustering effect, see design effect and the rate of homogeneity
cluster randomization, see block, cluster, and stratified randomization, and minimization
clusters, see also cluster analysis
cluster sampling
C-max, see pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax) and pharmacokinetic studies
Cochrane collaboration/ reviews
Cochran Q test
Cochran test for linearity of trend, see chi-square test for trend in proportions and deviation from trend
coding
coefficient of correlation, see correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
coefficient of determination, see multiple correlation
coefficient of reproducibility, see Guttman scale
coefficient of variation
Cohen kappa, see also Bangdiwala B
cohort studies, see also prospective studies
collinearity, see multicollinearity
communality of a variable
comparative mortality ratio
comparison groups
comparison of one sample mean and proportion with a prespecified value
comparison of one sample proportion with a prespecified value, see comparison of one sample mean and proportion with a prespecified value
comparison of intercepts in two or more simple linear regressions
comparison of two or more correlation coefficients
comparison of two or more means, see Student t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA)
comparison of two or more medians, see Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, Kruskal–Wallis test
comparison of two or more odds ratios
comparison of two or more proportions
comparison of two or more regression coefficients
comparison of two or more regression lines
comparison of two or more relative risks
competing risks
complete linkage method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
completely randomized designs
compliance (in clinical trials)
components of variance, see variance components analysis
composite curve
composite index
computer-aided diagnosis, see expert systems
concealment of allocation, see blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
concomitant variable, see dependent and independent variables (in regression)
concordance and disconcordance
concurrent and historical controls, see controls
concurrent cohort, see cohort studies
concurrent validity, see validity (types of)
conditional probability, see probability
confidence band for regression line/ curve
confidence bounds, see also confidence intervals (the concept of)
confidence intervals (the concept of)
confidence interval (CI) for attributable risk (AR)
confidence interval (CI) for correlation coefficient
confidence interval (CI) for difference between means/ proportions
confidence interval (CI) for mean
confidence interval (CI) for median, see also exact confidence intervals (CIs)
confidence interval (CI) for odds ratio (OR)
confidence interval (CI) for predicted y in simple linear regression
confidence interval (CI) for proportion, see also exact confidence intervals (CIs)
confidence interval (CI) for regression coefficient and intercept in simple linear regression
confidence interval (CI) for relative risk (RR)
confidence interval (CI) for variance
confidence interval (CI) versus test of significance
confidence level, see confidence intervals (the concept of)
confounders
conjoint analysis
consecutive sampling
consistency, see also internal consistency
CONSORT statement
constructs (statistical), see factor analysis
construct validity, see validity (types of)
consumption units
content validity, see validity (types of)
contingency coefficient, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
contingency tables
continuity correction
continuous variables (distribution of), see also discrete variables (distribution of)
contour-like diagram, see Lexis diagram
contrasts (statistical)
control charts, see also cusum chart
controls
convenience sample, see sampling techniques
COREQ (reporting of quality research)
correlation (the concept of), see also correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product-moment)
correlation matrix
correlogram, see autocorrelation
correspondence analysis
covariance
covariance (analysis of), see analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
covariance matrix, see dispersion matrix
covariates
Cox–Mantel test, see log-rank test (Mantel–Cox test)
Cox model, see Cox regression
Cox proportional hazards model, see proportional hazards, see also Cox regression
Cox regression
Cramer V, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
criterion validity, see validity (types of)
critical region/ value, see acceptance and rejection regions
Cronbach alpha
crossover designs/ trials, see also crossover trials (analysis of)
crossover trials (analysis of)
cross-product ratio, see odds ratio
cross-sectional studies
C-statistic, see also receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
cubic clustering criterion
cubic splines
cumulative frequency, see ogive
curvilinear regression, see also regression (types of)
cusum chart
cyclic model/ trend
D
DALYs, see disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
data analytics, see also data mining
database systems
data collection, see also data quality
data dredging, see also data snooping
data entry
data management
data mining
data (nature of)
data quality
Data Safety and Monitoring Board
data snooping, see data dredging, data mining
data source (primary and secondary)
death certification see also cause of death
death rates, see also mortality rates
death spectrum
deciles, see quantiles
decision analysis/ tree
degrees of freedom (df) (the concept of)
Delphi method
Demographic and Health Surveys
demographic cycle
demographic indicators, see also demographic cycle, population pyramid
demography
dendrogram, see also cluster analysis
dependence and independence (statistical), see also dependent and independent variables (in regression)
dependency ratio
dependent and independent variables (in regression)
descriptive analysis/ studies, see also exploratory data analysis
descriptive studies
design effect and the rate of homogeneity
design of experiments, see experimental designs
designs of medical studies (overview), see also experimental designs
deterministic variables, see variables
deviance
deviations, see variation (measures of)
df, see degrees of freedom (df) (the concept of)
diagnosis errors
diagnostic tests, see sensitivity and specificity, predictivities (of medical tests), gain from a medical test
diagnostic trials, see clinical trials (overview)
diagrams, see graphs and diagrams
dichotomous categories, see categories of data values
dietary indices
difference-in-differences approach
digit preference
direct standardization, see standardized death rates
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
disability-free life expectancy, see life expectancy (types of)
disability weight, see also disability adjusted life years (DALYs)
disconcordance, see concordance and disconcordance
discrete variables (distribution of), see also continuous variables (distribution of)
discriminant analysis/ functions
discriminating power
disease spectrum
DisMod, see epidemiologically consistent estimates
dispersion, see variation
dispersion matrix
distal measures, see proximal and distal measures of health and disease
distribution-free methods/tests, see nonparametric methods/ tests (overview)
distributions (statistical)
diurnal variation
doctor-population ratio, see health infrastructure (indicators of)
donut diagram
dose-response (type of) relationship
dot plot
double blind trials, see blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
double sampling, see two-phase sampling
dummy variables, see variables
Duncan test
Dunnett test, see also multiple comparisons
Durbin–Watson test
E
ecological fallacy
ecological study, see ecological study
ED50
education indicators
effect modification, see interaction
effect size, see also medically important effect (the concept of)
efficacy and effectiveness
empiricism
empty cells, see contingency tables
endogenous and exogenous factors and variables
enrollment ratio, see education indicators
ensemble methods
epidemic curve
epidemic models, see also infectious disease models
epidemiologically consistent estimates
epidemiological studies
epistemic uncertainties, see also aleatory uncertainties
equipoises
equivalence and noninferiority trials, see also equivalence, superiority and noninferiority tests
equivalence, superiority and noninferiority tests
equivalences (types of ) in clinical trials, see also equivalence and noninferiority trials
errors (statistical), see measurement errors, Type-I error, Type-II error
error sum of squares
error variance
estimate
estimator (unbiased), see unbiased estimator
ethics of clinical trials and medical research
etiologic factors, see also causal diagrams
etiologic fraction, see attributable risk (AR) fraction
etiology diagrams, see causal diagrams
Euclidean distance
evaluation of health programs/ systems
evidence (levels of)
evidence-based medicine
exact confidence intervals (CIs)
exact tests
examination (health/ medical) data/ surveys
exchangeability
exclusion criteria, see inclusion and exclusion criteria
exhaustive categories, see mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
exogenous factors, see endogenous and exogenous factors and variables
expectation of life and the life table, see also life expectancy (types of)
experimental designs, see also experimental studies
experimental studies, see also experimental designs
experimentation (statistical principles of)
experiment-wise and comparison-wise error rate
expert systems
explanatory and predictive models
explanatory variables, see variables
exploratory data analysis, see also exploratory studies
exploratory studies
exponential curve/ function, see also exponential distribution
exponential distribution, see also exponential curve/ function
extrapolation, see also interpolation
eyeball fit
F
face validity, see validity (types of)
factor analysis, see also factor scores
factorial and partially factorial designs
factor loadings, see factor analysis
factors (classificatory and experimental)
factor scores, see also factor analysis
fallacies (statistical), see also misuse of statistical tools
false negative and false positive
familial aggregation
fertility indicators
field trials, see clinical trials
Fieller theorem
file–drawer effect
finite population correction
Fisher–Beherens problem, see Welch test
Fisher exact test
Fisher–Irwin test, see Fisher exact test
Fisher z-transformation, see comparison of two or more correlation coefficients
fixed and random effects, see also mixed effects models
flow chart
focus group discussion
follow-up studies, see prospective studies
forecasting
forest plot, see meta-analysis
forward selection, see stepwise methods
fractiles, see quantiles
frailty models
Framingham Heart Study
F-ratio, see F-test
frequencies, see also frequency curve/ distribution/ polygon
frequency curve/ distribution/ polygon
frequency (in a cell), see also expected frequency
frequentist approach, see Bayesian inference
Friedman test
F-test
funnel plot
G
GAIC, see Akaike information criteria (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
gain from a medical test
gamma distribution
Gantt chart
garbage-in garbage-out (GIGO) syndrome
Gaussian conditions
Gaussian deviate, see also Gaussian distribution (standard)
Gaussian distribution
Gaussian probability (how to obtain)
Gaussianity (how to check)
Gaussian test, see z-test
generalized estimating equations (GEE)
generalized linear models, see also general linear models
general linear models, see also generalized linear models
generalized Wilcoxon test, see Breslow test
gender inequality index
general fertility rate, see fertility indicators
geometric mean, see mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic)
geriatric health (epidemiological indicators of)
Gini coefficient, see also health inequality, Palma measure of inequality
GLM, see generalized linear models
global burden of disease (GBD), see burden of disease
gold standard
Goodman–Kruskal gamma, see association between ordinal categories (degree of)
goodness-of-fit
graphs and diagrams, see also charts (statistical), maps (statistical)
gross domestic product (GDP)
gross enrollment ratio, see education indicators
gross reproduction rate, see fertility indicators
group average method of clustering, see centroid method of clustering
grouped data, see also class-intervals
group sequential design
growth charts, see also growth indicators of children
growth indicators of children, see also, Z-score, T-score, velocity of growth
growth velocity, see velocity of growth in children
Grubb test
Guttman scale
H
half-life of medications
haphazard sampling
hard data and soft data
harmonic mean, see mean (arithmetic, geometric and harmonic)
harmonic regression
harmonization of data
Hawthorne effect
hazard functions
hazard rate/ ratio, see also proportional hazards
health adjusted life expectancy, see life expectancy (types of)
health inequality, see also Gini coefficient, Palma measure of inequality
health infrastructure (indicators of)
health measurement
health programs (evaluation of), see evaluation of health programs/ systems
health situation analysis
health statistics
healthy life expectancy, see life expectancy (types of)
hierarchical clustering, see also cluster analysis
hierarchical designs
hierarchical models/ regression
hierarchical regression
histogram
historical cohort, see cohort studies
homogeneity of variances, see homoscedasticity
homoscedasticity
Hosmer–Lemeshow test
hospital statistics
Hotelling T2
human development index
Huynh–Feldt correction, see also repeated measures ANOVA
hyperpopulation
hypothesis (null and alternative), see null and alternative hypotheses
hypothesis (research)
hypothesis testing (statistical), see also null and alternative hypotheses
I
I2 (index of homogeneity) in meta-analysis, see also meta–analysis
ICD, see International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
icicle plots
imprecise probability, see probability
imputation for missing values, see also nonresponse
inception cohort, see cohort studies
incidence
inclusion and exclusion criteria
incomplete tables, see contingency tables
independence (statistical), see dependence and independence (statistical)
independent and paired samples .
independent variables, see dependent and independent variables
indexes, see also indicators
indicators, see also indexes
indicator variables, see variables
indirect standardization, see standardized death rates
Indrayan smoking index
infant mortality rate, see mortality rates
infection rate
infectious disease models, see also epidemic models
infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence, see disease spectrum
inference (statistical)
infographics
informatics (medical), see also expert systems
informed consent, see ethics of clinical trials and medical research
instrumental variables, see variables
intention-to-treat analysis
interaction, see also main effect and interaction effect in ANOVA
intercept (in a regression), see simple linear regression
interim analysis
internal attributes, see factor analysis
internal consistency, see also consistency
internal validation, see validation
Interntional Classification of Diseases (ICD)
interpolation
interquartile range, see variation (measures of)
interrater reliability
interval estimate, see confidence intervals (the concept of)
interval scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
intervention studies, see also clinical trials, experimental studies
interview data/ survey, see also interviewing techniques
interviewer bias, see bias in medical studies and their minimization
interviewing techniques
intraclass correlation, see also interrater reliability, agreement assessment (overall)
intraobserver consistency/ reliability, see also intraclass correlation
inverse association
inverse probability, see Bayes rule
inverse sampling
Ishikawa diagram
item analysis
iterative procedure
J
Jaccard dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
jackknife resampling, see resampling
Jeffreys interval for binomial p, see also Clopper–Pearson bound/ interval
jitter graph/ plot
joint distribution, see bivariate distribution
J-shaped curve/ distribution
K
Kaiser–Meir–Olkin (KMO) measure
Kaplan–Meier method, see also survival curve/ function
kappa (statistic), see Cohen kappa
Kendall tau, see association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
Kruskal–Wallis test
Kuder–Richardson coefficient
kurtosis
L
lag, see autocorrelation
Lan–deMets procedure, see also O’Brien–Fleming procedure
landmark analysis
LASSO, see least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)
latent variables models, see also latent variables
latent variables
laws of probability (addition and multiplication), see also probability
least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)
least significant difference (LSD), see also multiple comparisons
least squares method
left-skewed distribution, see skewness and coefficient of skewness
level of significance, see also P-values
Levene test
Lexis diagram
life expectancy (types of), see also expectation of life and life table
lifetable, see expectation of life and the life table
life table method, see survival curve/ function
likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
likelihood ratio of a diagnostic test
likelihood ratio test, see also likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
Likert scale
limits of agreement, see Bland–Altman method of agreement
linear effect, see also linearity (test for)
linearity (test for), see also linear effect
linear models, see general linear models
linear regression, see also simple linear regression, multiple linear regression
line diagrams
linkage, see record linkage
link functions
listwise deletion, see casewise, pairwise and listwise deletion
literacy rate, see education indicators
LMS method
LMSP method, see Box–Cox power exponential (BCPE) method
loadings, factor
location (measures of)
logarithmic scale/ transformation
logistic coefficients (CI and test of H0)
logistic coefficients (interpretation of), see also logistic coefficients (CI and test of H0)
logistic discriminant functions
logistic models/ regression (adequacy of)
logistic models/ regression (basics of)
logistic models/ regression (multinomial, ordinal, and conditional), see also logistic models/ regression (basics of)
logistic regression (requirements for)
logit, see also logistic model/ regression (basics of)
log-likelihood, see likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
log-linear models
log-normal distribution
log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test
longitudinal data (analysis of)
longitudinal studies, see prospective studies
lot quality assurance scheme
LOWESS plot
M
Mahalanobis distance
main effects and interaction effects in ANOVA
MANOVA, see multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test, see Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Mantel–Cox test, see log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test
Mantel–Haenszel procedure
maps (statistical), see choroplethic map, cartogram, spot map, thematic map
marginal distribution, see bivariate distributions, multivariate distributions
Markov process, see stochastic processes
masking, see blinding, masking and concealment of allocation
matched pairs, see also matching
matching, see also matched pairs
maternal mortality rate, see also mortality rates
mathematical models, see models (statistical)
Mauchly test for sphericity
maximum likelihood method, see likelihood, log-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimates
McNemar–Bowker test
McNemar test
mean (arithmetic, geometric, harmonic), see also mean, median and mode (calculation of)
mean deviation, see variation (measures of)
mean, median, and mode (calculation of), see also central values (understanding and which one to use)
mean square due to error (MSE), see mean squares in ANOVA
mean squares in ANOVA
measurement errors
measures of central tendency, see central values (understanding and which one to use)
measures of dissimilarity and similarity
median, see central values (understanding and which one to use); mean, median, mode (calculation of)
median effective dose, see ED50
median method of clustering
median test, see also sign test, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
mediators and moderators of outcome
medical care errors (statistical control of)
medical decisions (statistical aspects of)
medical experiments, see experimental studies
medically important difference (tests for detecting), see also medically important effect (the concept of)
medically important effect (the concept of)
medical records
medical research (types of)
medical significance versus statistical significance
medical uncertainties (sources of), see aleatory and epistemic uncertainties
medical uncertainties (types of), see also aleatory uncertainties, epistemic uncertainties
mental health (indicators of)
meta–analysis, see also funnel plot, I2 (index of homogeneity)
meta–analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines
meta–regression, see also meta–analysis
metric categories, see categories
metric scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
misclassification
missing data, see also imputation for missing data, nonresponse
misuse of statistical tools, see also fallacies (statistical)
mixed diagram, see also graphs and diagrams
mixed effects models
mode, see mean, median, mode (calculation of ), see also bimodal distribution/ probability
models (statistical)
monotonic relationship
Monte Carlo methods
MOOSE guidelines, see meta–analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines
morbidity indicators, see also incidence, prevalence and prevalence rates
mortality rates, see also death rates
moving averages
MSE, see mean squares in ANOVA
multiarms trials
multicentric trials
multicollinearity
multilevel models/ regression, see hierarchical models/ regression
multinomial distribution/ test
multiple comparisons, see also Bonferroni procedure/ test, Dunnett test, least significant difference (LSD), Tukey test for multiple comparisons
multiple correlation
multiple imputations, see imputation for missing values check sequence
multiple linear regression, see also regressions (types of), simple linear regression
multiple responses
multistage random sampling
multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
multivariate data/ methods
multivariate distributions
multivariate Gaussian distribution, see also bivariate Gaussian distribution
multivariate logistic regression, see also logistic models/ regression (multinomial, ordinal and conditional)
multivariate regression
mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, see also multiple responses
N
national well-being
natural clusters, see cluster analysis
natural experiments
negative binomial distribution
negative trials
neonatal mortality rate, see mortality rates
nested case-control studies, see retrospective studies
nested designs, see hierarchical designs
net reproduction rate, see fertility indicators
NNT, see number needed to treat
n-of-1 trials
nominal categories, see categories of data values
nominal scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
nomogram
nonGaussian distributions, see distributions (statistical)
noninferiority test, see equivalence, superiority and noninferiority tests
noninferiority trials, see equivalence and noninferiority trials
nonlinear regression, see also linear regression, curvilinear regression
nonparametric methods/ tests – overview
nonrandom sampling, see sampling techniques
nonresponse
nonsampling errors
nonsense correlation, see correlation (the concept of)
normal distribution, see Gaussian distribution
normality (test of), see Gaussianity (how to check)
normalization
normal probability plot, see also quantile-by-quantile (Q-Q) plot
normal range of medical parameters
notations (statistical)
nuisance parameters
null and alternative hypotheses
number needed to treat (NNT)
numerical analysis/ method
O
obesity (measures of), see also body mass index
O’Brien–Fleming procedure, see also Lan–deMets procedure
observational studies, see also natural experiments
observations (statistical)
observed zeroes, see contingency tables
observer bias/ errors/ variation
odds, see also odds ratio (OR)
odds ratio (OR), see also odds
ogive
one-sided bound, see confidence bound
one- and two-tailed alternatives/ tests
one-way ANOVA, see also analysis of variance (ANOVA)
one-way designs, see also two-way designs
open trials
operations research
optimistic index (page 709 of my book)
ordered alternatives, see also one- and two-tailed alternatives/ tests
OR, see odds ratio (OR)
order of a table, see contingency tables
order statistics
ordinal association, see association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
outcome variables
outliers
overanalysis, see also data dredging
overfit (of regression)
overmatching, see also matching
P
pack-years of smoking
paired samples, see also matched pairs
paired t-test, see Student t-test
pairwise deletion, see casewise, pairwise and listwise deletion
Palma measure of inequality, see also Gini coefficient, health inequality
parabolic curve, see curvilinear regression
parallel controls, see controls
parallel–line assays
parametric models
parameters
parameter uncertainty, see sensitivity analysis, parametric models
parsimonious models
partial correlation
partial least squares
partial likelihood
partitioning of chi-square and of tables, see also chi-square – overall
partogram
path analysis
pattern recognition
Pearsonian correlation, see correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
PECOS system, see population, exposure, control, outcome and study design (PECOS) to do
pedigree charts
penalized likelihood, see Akaike information criterion (AIC) and general AIC (GAIC)
percentiles and percentile curves, see also growth charts
periodogram
perinatal mortality rate/ ratio, see mortality rates
permutation tests
personal probability, see probability
person-time
pharmacoepidemiology (statistical)
pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax) and pharmacokinetic studies, see also area under the curve (AUC) , half-life of medications
phases of (clinical) trials
phi coefficient, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
physical quality of life index, see also quality of life index
PICO method, see population, intervention, comparison and outcome (PICO) method
pie diagram (exploded/ wedged)
Pillai trace
pilot study and pretesting
placebo
point-biserial correlation
point estimate, see estimate
Poisson distribution
Poisson regression
polynomial regression, see curvilinear regression
polytomous categories, see categories of data values
ponderal index, see also body mass index (BMI)
pooled chi-square, see Mantel–Haenszel procedure
pooled odds ratio (OR), see Mantel–Haenszel procedure
pooled relative risk (RR), see Mantel–Haenszel procedure
pooled variance
population (the concept of)
population attributable risk and population attributable fraction, see also attributable risk
population growth model and curve
population, intervention, comparison and outcome (PICO) method
population pyramid
positive health
posterior probability, see prior and posterior probability
posthoc comparisons, see multiple comparisons
postmarketing surveillance, see also phases of (clinical) trials
poststratification
potential years of life lost (PYLL), see also disability adjusted life-years (DALYs)
poverty index
power (statistical) and power analysis
power transformations, see also Box-Cox power transformations
P-P plot, see proportion-by-probability (P-P) plot
PPS sampling, see probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling
pragmatic trials
precision, see also reliability
predicted value and prediction interval in regression
prediction interval, see predicted value and prediction interval
predictive analytics, see data analytics
predictive models, see explanatory and predictive models
predictive validity, see predictivities (of medical tests)
predictivities (of medical tests)
predictors
pretesting, see pilot study and pretesting
prevalence and prevalence rates
prevalence studies, see descriptive studies
prevented fraction, see attributable risk (AR) fraction
primary data, see data sources (primary and secondary)
primary sampling unit
primordial factors
principal components
principles of experimentation, see experimentation (statistical principles of)
prior probability and posterior probability
PRISMA statement
probability, see also laws of probability (addition and multiplication)
probabilities in clinical assessment
probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling
probability sample, see sampling techniques
proband
probit transformation
product-limit estimator, see Kaplan–Meier method
product-moment correlation, see correlation coefficient (Pearsonian/ product–moment)
profile analysis
proforma, see questionnaire, schedule and proforma
propensity score approach
prophylactic trials, see clinical trials
proportional hazards, see also Cox regression
proportional reduction in error (PRE)
proportionate sample
proportion-by-probability (P-P) plot
proportions
prospective studies, see also retrospective studies, case-control studies
protective effect
protocol (research) and its contents check
proximal and distal measures of health and disease, see also primordial factors
P-values
publication bias
purchasing power parity dollars
purposive sample, see sampling techniques
putative factors
Q
Q-Q plot, see quantile-by-quantile (Q-Q) plot
Q-test, see Cochran Q-test
quadratic regression, see curvilinear regression
qualitative measurements, see also quantitative measurements
qualitative research, see also focus group discussion
quality control in medical care, see also control charts, lot quality assurance scheme
quality of data and of measurements, see also fallacies (statistical)
quality of life index, see also physical quality of life index
quantal assays, see also bioassays
quantile-by-quantile (Q-Q) plot
quantile regression
quantiles, see also percentiles and percentile curves
quantitative measurements, see also qualitative measurements
quartiles, see quantiles
quasi-experimental designs, see also before-after design/ study
quasi-random allocation, see random allocation
questionnaire, schedule and proforma
Quetlet index, see body mass index (BMI)
quintiles, see quantiles
quota sampling
R
radar graph
radix, see expectation of life and the life table
random allocation, see also block, cluster, and stratified randomization, and minimization
random effects, see fixed and random effects
random effects ANOVA
random errors
randomization, see random allocation
randomized block design
randomized consent design, see Zelen design
randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
randomized response technique
randomness (statistical tests of)
random numbers
random sampling, see sampling techniques
random sampling methods
random variables, see variables
range, see variation
rank correlation
ranking and selection
ranks
rapid assessment method, see cluster sampling
Rasch analysis
rate
rate of homogeneity, see design effect and the rate of homogeneity
ratio
ratio estimator
ratio scale, see scales of measurement (statistical)
RCT, see randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
recall lapse
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, see also C-statistic
record linkage, see also medical records
records (medical), see medical records
reestimation of sample size
reference category
reference values, see normal range of medical parameters
registration of births and deaths, see birth and death registration
registration of trials
regression coefficients, see also regression models (basics of)
regression diagnostics, see regression fit (adequacy of), regression requirements (validation of)
regression fit (adequacy of), see also regression models (basics of)
regression fitting (general method of), see also regression models (basics of)
regression models (basics of), see also regression fitting (general method of)
regression requirements (validation of), see also logistic regression (requirements for)
regression splines, see spline regression
regression to the mean
regression trees, see classification and regression trees
regressions (types of)
regressors (choice of), see also stepwise methods, best subset method of choosing predictors
rejection region, see acceptance and rejection regions
relative efficiency of estimators
relative potency, see also bioassays
relative risk (RR)
reliability, see also repeatability and reproducibility
repeatability and reproducibility, see also reliability
repeated measures ANOVA
repeated measures studies
replicability, see repeatability and reproducibility
replication
reproducibility, see repeatability and reproducibility
reproduction rates (net and gross), see fertility indicators
reproductive number (of a disease)
resampling
research
research synthesis, see also systematic reviews, meta-analysis
residuals, see also regression models (basics of)
residual sum of squares, see error sum of squares
response rate
response surface
response variable, see variables
retrospective cohort, see cohort studies
retrospective studies, see also cross-sectional studies
reverse causation
reviews, see systematic reviews
ridge regression, see also regression models (basics of)
risk difference, see attributable risk
risk factors
risk ratio, see relative risk
robustness
ROC curve, see receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
R2, see multiple correlation
runs test for equality of distributions
S
sample
sample design, see sampling techniques (overall)
sample size determination (general principles)
sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, see also sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), sample sizes for statistical analysis methods, sample size for study formats
sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), see also sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, sample sizes for statistical analysis methods, sample size for study formats,
sample sizes for statistical analysis methods, see also sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), sample size for study formats
sample size for study formats, see also sample sizes for odds ratio and relative risk, sample sizes for simple situations (mean proportion and differences), sample sizes for statistical analysis methods
sample size reestimation, see reestimation of sample size
sample surveys
SAMPL guidelines
sampling (advantages and limitations)
sampling distribution of proportion p and mean
sampling error/ fluctuations
sampling fraction, see sampling terms
sampling frame, see sampling terms
sampling techniques (overall)
sampling terms
sampling unit, see sampling terms
sampling with and without replacement, see sampling terms
scales of measurement (statistical)
scalogram analysis, see Guttman scale
scatter diagrams
scoring systems (method for developing), see also scoring systems for diagnosis and for gradation of severity
scoring systems for diagnosis and for gradation of severity, see also scoring systems (method for developing)
screening trials, see clinical trials
scree plot/ test
seasonal trend, see time series
secondary data, see data sources (primary and secondary)
secular trend, see time series
semi-interquartile range, see variation (measures of)
sensitivity and specificity
sensitivity analysis, see also uncertainty analysis
sequential analysis
sequential sampling
sequential trials, see group sequential designs
serial correlation, see autocorrelation
sex ratio
Shapiro–Francia test
Shapiro–Wilk test
side effects, see clinical trials (overview)
sigmoid curve, see logit
signed-ranks test, see Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
significance (statistical)
significance level, see level of significance, see also significance (statistical)
significant digits
sign test
similarity (statistical, measures of)
simple linear regression, see also regression models, multiple linear regression
simple matching dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
simple random sampling
Simpson paradox
simulation studies, see Monte Carlo methods
single linkage method of clustering
six-sigma methodology
skewness and the coefficient of skewness
slope (in regression), see simple linear regression
slope–ratio assays, see also bioassays
Slutzsky–Yule effect
small area estimation
smoke-pipe distribution
smoking index, see Indrayan smoking index
smoothing methods, see also spline regression, cubic splines
snowball sampling
social classification
social health (indicators of)
Somer d, see association between ordinal characteristics (degree of)
Spearman rank correlation, see rank correlation
Spearman-Brown formula
specificity, see sensitivity and specificity
sphericity, see Mauchly test for sphericity
spline regression, see also cubic splines
split-half consistency, see also consistency
spot map
spurious correlation, see correlation (the concept of)
square table, see contingency table
standard deviation
standard error (SE), see also sampling distribution of proportion p and mean
standardization of values, see Z-scores
standardized death rates
standardized deviate, see Z-score
standardized mortality ratio (SMR)
standard normal distribution, see Gaussian probability (how to obtain)
STARD statement
statistical analysis, see analysis (statistical)
statistical fallacies, see fallacies (statistical)
statistical inference, see inference (statistical)
statistical models, see models (statistical), see also parametric models
statistical reviews
statistical significance, see significance (statistical)
statistics (singular), see also biostatistics
stem-and-leaf plot, see histogram
stepwise methods, see also best subset method of choosing predictors
stillbirth rate/ ratio
stochastic processes
stochastic variables, see variables
stopping rules (for trials), see also O’Brien–Fleming procedure, Lan–deMets procedure
stratification, see stratified random sampling
stratified analysis, see Mantel–Haenszal procedure
stratified randomization, see block, cluster and stratified randomization, and minimization
stratified random sampling
STROBE statement
structural equation models
Studentized range, see Tukey test for multiple comparisons
Student t-distribution
Student t-tests
study designs, see designs of medical studies (overview)
subjective probability, see probability
sum of squares (types of)
superiority and noninferiority trials, see equivalence and noninferiority trials
surface and internal attributes, see factor analysis
surface chart, see response surface
surrogate measurement/ variables
surveys, see sample surveys
survival analysis, see also survival curve/ function
survival bias, see bias in medical studies and their minimization
survival curve/ function, see also Kaplan–Meier method
survival rate, see also survival analysis
symmetric distribution, see skewness and the coefficient of skewness
synergism, see interaction
synoptic chart, see Lexis diagram
synthesis of research, see research synthesis, see also meta–analysis
systematic random sampling
systematic reviews, see also Cochrane collaboration/ reviews
T
tabular presentation of data and results
t-distribution, see Student t-distribution
Taguchi designs
Tanimoto dichotomy coefficient, see association between dichotomous categories characteristics (degree of)
tapping
target population, see population (the concept of)
Tarone–Ware test, see also log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test
telephone sampling
tertiles, see quantiles
test criterion
tests of hypothesis (philosophy of)
tests of significance, see also tests of hypothesis (philosophy of)
test-retest reliability
test statistic, see test criterion
tetrachoric correlation
thematic maps, see also chroplethic map
therapeutic trials, see clinical trials
30×7 sampling, see cluster sampling
three-dimensional diagrams, see also response surface
three-way tables, see chi-square for three-way contingency tables
three-sigma limits, see also six-sigma methodology
ties in values, see ranks
time-dependent covariate, see Cox regression
time series, see also periodogram, autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models
titration study
T-max, see pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax) and pharmacokinetic studies
tolerance interval
total fertility rate, see fertility indicators
tracking
transformations
trend
trials, see clinical trials
trimmed mean
triple blinding, see blinding
trivariate distribution
truncated values/ distributions
T-score, see also Z-score
Tschuprow coefficient, see association between polytomous characteristics (degree of)
t-test, see Student t-test
Tukey test for additivity
Tukey test for multiple comparisons, see also multiple comparisons
twin studies
two-by-two tables
two one-sided tests (TOSTs), see equivalence, superiority and inferiority tests
two-phase sampling
two-sided alternative, see one- and two-tailed alternatives/ tests
two-way ANOVA, see also analysis of variance (ANOVA)
two-way designs, see also one-way designs
two-way tables, see contingency tables
Type-I error, see level of significance
Type-II error, see also power (statistical) and power analysis
Type-III error
U
unbalanced design, see balanced and unbalanced design
unbiased estimator
unbiased sample, see biased sample
uncertainties, see aleatory uncertainties, epistemic uncertainties, medical uncertainties, parameter uncertainty
uncertainty analysis, see also sensitivity analysis
uncertainty principle, see also equipoises
under-5 mortality rate, see mortality rates
uniform distribution
union and intersection of events, see Venn diagrams
unit (statistical)
univariate analysis
universe (statistical), see population (the concept of)
UPGMA method of clustering, see average linkage method of clustering
unweighted mean, see weighted mean
up-and-down trials
U-shaped curve, see also bathtub curve/distribution
U-test, see Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
V
vaccine trials, see clinical trials
validation sample/ study, see also validity, robustness
validity, see also validity (types of)
validity (types of)
variability, see variation (measures of)
variables
variable selection, see stepwise methods, regressors (choice of), best subset method of choosing predictors
variance, see standard deviation, confidence interval (CI) for variance
variance components analysis
variance-covariance matrix, see dispersion matrix
variance inflation factor
variance ratio, see also F-test
variance stabilizing transformation
variation (measures of), see also coefficient of variation
varimax rotation
velocity of growth in children
Venn diagrams
visual display (of data), see graphs and diagrams
vital statistics
volunteers-based studies
W
waist–hip ratio, see also obesity (measures of)
Wald test
Ward method of clustering, see also cluster analysis
washout period, see crossover design
Weibull distribution
weighted least squares
weighted mean
Welch test
WHO growth charts
Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Wilcoxon signed-ranks test
Wilks lambda (L)
Wilson interval
Winsorized mean, see trimmed mean
Wishart distribution
worm plots, see quantile-by-quantile plot
X
Y
Yates correction for continuity
years of life lost, see potential years of life lost (PYLL)
Youden index, see also receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
Yule Q, see association between dichotomous characteristics (degree of)
Z
Zelen design
Zelen test
zero-inflated models
Z-score
z-test
